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Luxor Governorate is an Egyptian governorate located in the South Upper Egypt region. Its centers and cities are distributed on both banks of the Nile River and its capital is the city of Luxor, which in ancient times represented the city of Thebes, the capital of Egypt during several eras of the Pharaonic dynasties. The governorate was established in accordance with Republican Decree No. 378 of 2009 issued on 9 December 2009, and its National Day is celebrated every year on December 4, the anniversary of the discovery of King Tutankhamun’s tomb.

The facade of the historic Luxor Temple on the Luxor Corniche

In this regard, “The Seventh Day” monitors a list of the most prominent temples in the east and west of the governorate, which tourists around the world flock to visit daily throughout the year. Tourist visits increase with the entry of the winter tourist season, which begins annually from October and September until the end of April, which includes the following: – (Karnak Temples – Luxor Temple – Temple of Montu in Toud – Hatshepsut Temple in Deir el-Bahari – Ramesseum Temple – Colossi of Memnon – Temple of Habu – Colossi of Memnon – Esna Temple – Deir el-Medina – Tombs of the Valley of the Kings and Queens – Tombs of the Nobles – Museum of Mummification – Luxor Museum), which It attracts thousands of tourists every year to visit it from different parts of the world.

At the top of the list of archaeological monuments in Luxor are the Karnak Temples on the Nile Corniche north of the city, as it is considered the largest house of worship in the history of mankind. It was built on the Nile Corniche in the city of Luxor, and it was called the “Karnak Temples” because it includes 11 temples inside it and not one temple as It is rumored, and its name was in the ancient Egyptian civilization, the temples of (Amun-Ra-Segem-Naht), as it was built to be a house of worship for the sacred Theban trinity, and this trinity consists of the god “Amun,” his wife “Mut,” and their son, the god “Khun Su,” as the temple is in its current form. Its area reaches more than 247 acres, and thus it is recorded as the largest and oldest house of worship in the world currently.

Al-Tayeb Gharib, director of the temple, told Al-Youm Al-Sabea that the construction work carried out inside the Karnak temples continued for more than 2,000 years, and King Thutmose III (1500 BC) began constructing 3 shrines for the holy “Thebes” trinity on the ruins of that temple. The ancient shrines of Tuthmosis III are still present in the courtyard of King Ramesses II in the temple. Tutankhamun, Kings Ai, Horemheb, and Seti I participated in establishing and establishing these temples. King Ramesses II made expansions to the temple.

Facade of the Karnak Temples in downtown Luxor

Al-Tayeb Gharib adds that the entrance to the temples is the “Way of Rams,” which is filled with statues of an animal that was a symbol of power for the Pharaohs. The temples inside Karnak were built beginning in the 11th Dynasty, around the year 2134 BC, and were surrounded by mud-brick walls connected to each other by corridors guarded by statues stacked on each other. Two rows of the Sphinx, which currently includes a group of temples of up to 11 temples, the most famous of which are “the temples of Amun, Khonsu, Akhenaten, Mut, Ptah, Ramses III, and Ramses II,” explaining that it was recently given this name after the Islamic conquest of Egypt because the word “Karnak” means a fortress or a fortified place.

As for the second temple, it is the Luxor Temple and its entrance is from the heart of Sidi Abu al-Hajjaj Square, Luxor. It is the temple that was built during the reign of King Amenhotep III to worship the god Amun Ra, in addition to confirming his lineage to the god Amun, as Ahmed Arabi, the general director of the Luxor Temple, revealed that King Amenhotep was due to his circumstances. At that time, he could not assume the rule of Egypt, as he was not the son of a previous pharaoh or married to the daughter of a pharaoh who had previously ruled Egypt, which are the two conditions for assuming the rule of Egypt at that time. So one of his men advised him to build a huge temple to glorify and worship the god Amun Ra to confirm his lineage so that he could rule the country, and indeed he succeeded in doing so. This was done through the construction of the historic Luxor Temple.

Ahmed Arabi, director of the Luxor Temple, adds to “The Seventh Day” that in “1390-2353 BC” the temple was built by Amenhotep III, and after him came King Ramesses II, who added columns and the first entrance to the courtyard, so that it now contained an entrance and two towers, and each tower In a skewed shape, in front of it are two seated statues of Ramesses and four standing statues next to them. Two of them were returned to their place after they were destroyed in previous eras. He explained that inside the temple there is an obelisk built by Ramesses II to depict his military achievements and his victory over the enemies in it. It is the first tower with a height of 24 meters (79 meters). ft.), built by Ramses II, and the tower was decorated with scenes of Ramses’ military victories in the (Battle of Kadesh), as well as the victories of the Pharaohs at a later time, and the victories of the 25th Dynasty (Nubian dynasty).

As for the third temple, it is the Temple of Queen Hatshepsut on the western mainland, where the queen built it to monitor the history of her rule of the country, which represented the pinnacle of prosperity and prosperity in the Pharaonic civilization, according to Dr. Fathi Yassin, Director General of Antiquities of Upper Egypt, explaining that the temple consists of 3 successive floors on open balconies. It was built entirely of limestone in the heart of the mountain, and in front of the columns were erected limestone statues of the god Osiris and Queen Hatshepsut in a magical arrangement. There are also dozens of inscriptions on the walls of the temple of the naval expeditions sent by Queen Hatshepsut to the country of Punt to trade and bring incense from that country.

Dr. Fathi Yassin, Director General of Antiquities of Upper Egypt, added to “The Seventh Day” that the Temple of Hatshepsut includes places for Hatshepsut’s father, King Thutmose I, as well as the goddess Hathor and the idol Anubis, and a compartment open to the sky was allocated to the sun idol, “Ra Hor-Akhty,” and it is located inside the temple. The famous Holy of Holies chamber. The walls of the temple were also covered with scenes representing the temple rituals and religious holidays, as well as the transfer of obelisks from the quarries to the Karnak Temple, emphasizing the most prominent inscriptions found in the middle balcony of the temple, which represent the mission of Queen Hatshepsut to the country of Punt, whose inhabitants and homes were depicted. As well as the surrounding environment, in addition to the riches and exotic animals that the Egyptians brought with them from there, and on the other hand, it was depicted how Hatshepsut became the legitimate king of the country, not only by confirming the appointment of her father Thutmose I as his legitimate heir, but also that her father was the deity Amun himself.

Distinctive patterns and colors in Medinet Habu Temple

As for the fourth temple, it is the Temple of Medinet Habu on the western mainland, which is called the House of Millions of Years. It is the temple that was built by King Ramesses III to hold funeral rituals and to worship the god Amun, as Medinet Habu includes the Temple of Ramesses III, the Holy of Holies, and the halls of the three legends.

Nubian Gad, a tour guide in Luxor, says that Medinet Habu designed the city in the style of temples in the ancient Syrian region that Ramesses III saw during his wars. It was built on an area of 10 acres, and is 400 meters long and 200 meters wide. He explained that Habu Temple is considered one of the largest and most important temples. The fortified in ancient Egypt, where the height of the outer wall of the temple is about 17.7 meters, which is characterized by two walls, one internal and the other external, and the latter has a giant gate called Al-Majdal. On the walls of the temple there are many drawings that tell the stories of the wars of King Ramesses III and stories about the military campaigns that he embarked on. From Egypt and the enemies he defeated, and the colors of the city are still present on the columns, walls and ceilings despite the passage of thousands of years since its creation. He stressed that the city was built approximately 3200 years ago BC, that is, about 5200 AD. He explained that the temple includes 5 statues of Ramesses III and his wives, which were demolished. Since the Roman era, 16 statues of King Ramesses III have been missing due to Roman vandalism, and only the bases remain.

As for the fifth temple, it is the Ramesseum Temple on the western mainland, where King Ramesses II ordered the construction of the Ramesseum Temple in order to show the greatness and status of Ramses II among the ancient kings. The temple is surrounded by a huge mud-brick wall, 270 meters long and 175 meters wide, and the length of the temple is 180 meters and 66 meters wide. It is considered an architectural masterpiece built by King Ramses II, who loved building funerary temples in the ancient Pharaonic state. It includes a number of huge statues of King Ramses II, and a number of inscriptions that tell the nature of life in that period of the Pharaonic state, as the pictures and inscriptions that adorn the temple wall record the events of a battle. The famous Kadesh, where King Ramesses II defeated the Hittites, and how he planned the war. Currently, there are remains of huge statues and columns from the temple, some of which were destroyed during the last period, and others are still present today.

Headquarters of the Ramsum Temple in the Western Land region

Al-Tayeb Abdullah Hassan, a tour guide in western Luxor, says that the Ramesseum Temple was known in the ancient Egyptian language as “Khenemet Wast,” meaning “the one united with Wast,” and the Greeks called it “Memnonium,” perhaps because the huge statue of Ramesses II standing inside it resembles the legendary hero Memnon, son of Tithonus. In Pharaonic times, the temple bore the name “Wasr Maat Ra,” which was pronounced “Osi Ma Ra.” Currently, it is the “Temple of Ramesseum,” named after Ramesses II, who dedicated it to the worship of the god Amun. Its facade was decorated with four flagpoles, and it was engraved with text and images on its inner facade. Views of the famous Battle of Kadesh.

The sacred lake inside the Karnak temples

The sacred scarab inside the Karnak Temples in Luxor

The inner courtyard of Luxor Temple

Rams at the heart of the entrance to the Karnak Temples

Rams at the entrance to the Karnak Temples in Luxor

Colors from thousands of years ago in the columns of Medinet Habu

Exquisite statues on the third floor in the temple of Queen Hatshepsut

The head of Ramesses II at the entrance to the Ramesseum Temple

Distinctive visits to Medinet Habu Temple

The magic of the Karnak Temples in Luxor

A unique architectural style in the temple of Queen Hatshepsut

The courtyard of King Ramesses II inside Luxor Temple